Passage 1

Well, wife, because we know what has been assigned to each of us by the god, we must each try to perform our respective duties as well as possible. The law encourages this, for it yokes together husband and wife, and just as the god made them partners in children, so the law has appointed them partners in the estate. And the law declares honourable those duties for which the god has made each of them more naturally capable. For the woman it is more honourable to remain indoors than to be outside; for the man it is more disgraceful to remain indoors than to attend to business outside. If someone behaves in a way contrary to the nature the god has given him, perhaps his disobedience will not escape the notice of the gods, and he will pay a penalty for neglecting his proper business or for performing his wife's work. . . [Y]ou will have to stay indoors and send forth the group of slaves whose work is outdoors, and personally supervise those whose work is indoors. Moreover, you must receive what is brought inside and dispense as much as should be spent. And you must plan ahead and guard whatever must remain in reserve, so that the provisions stored up for a year are not spent in a month. And when wool is brought in to you, you must see that clothes are produced for those who need them. And you· must also be concerned that the dry grain is in good condition for eating. However, one of your proper concerns, perhaps, may seem to you rather thankless: you will certainly have to be concerned about nursing any of the slaves who becomes ill. . . . [Y]our other special concerns turn out to be pleasant: whenever you take a slave who has no knowledge of spinning, and teach her that skill so that you double her value to you: and whenever you take one who does not know how to manage a house or serve, and turn her into one who is a skilled and faithful servant and make her invaluable; and whenever it is in your power to reward the helpful and reasonable members of your household and to punish any of them who appears to be vicious. But the sweetest experience of all will be this: if you prove to be better than I am and make me your servant. Then you will have no need to fear that as your years increase you will be less honoured in the household; but you may be confident that when you become older, the better partner you have been to me, and the better guardian of the estate for the children, the greater the respect you will enjoy in the household. For it is not because of youthful grace that beautiful and good things increase for human beings, but rather because of their virtues.

Passage 2

At your knees I implore you, Achilles; respect me and have mercy on me.
I am as your suppliant: god-cherished Achilles; respect my claim;
for it was in your presence first I tasted the bread of Demeter
on the day when you captured me in our well-laid orchard,
and sold me across the sea, taking me far from my father and friends
to holy Lemnos, and I earned you a hundred cattle.
Then paying three times as much I was freed for ransom; and this is the twelfth dawn
for me, since I came to Ilion,
after suffering much; now again deadly fate
has put me in your hands; I must surely be hated by father Zeus,
who handed me to you again; to a short life my mother
Laothoe bore me, the daughter of aged Altes,
Altes, who rules the battle-loving Leleges,
holding steep Pedasos by the river Satnioeis.
Priam took his daughter in marriage-among many other women-
and we two sons were born of her; and you will cut the throats of both.
One already you killed among the foremost warriors,
godlike Polydoros, when you struck him with your sharp spear;
and now you will be my death here; for I do not believe
I will escape your hands, since some divine force has brought me to this place.
Yet I will say one other thing to you, and put this within your heart;
do not kill me, since I am not born of the same womb as Hector,
who slew your strong and gentle comrade.

Passage 3

(turning back to the SLAVES)
Now unless you obey my command, all you guys,
If you don't wipe the sleepiness out of your eyes,
I'll embroider your hips
With such colorful strips
You'll resemble bright linen embroidered for feasts,
Alexandrian coverlets covered with beasts.
I issued orders yesterday,
Your provinces were all assigned;
But you're such crooked characters,
So careless, so devoid of mind,
You can't remember any job
Without a swift kick from behind.
Perhaps you hope to get so tough
That my whip won't be hard enough.
(to audience) Just look at that! No concentration.
(cracking his whip at the SLAVES)
Pay attention, look this way!
Make sure you point your ears at me,
You whip-lashed human specimens!
Your backsides can't get any harder
Than this rawhide whip of mine.
(flicking his whip at various victims)
How now? That hurt? There! That's what's done
If any slave shows disrespect.
Now form a line in front of me
And pay attention to my words.
(pointing to a SLAVE)
You with the jug: go fetch some water;
Fill the kettle for the cook.

Passage 4

I returned home, and mid the slave girl to come shopping with me, but I took her to the house of one of my friends and told her that I had found out everything that was going on in my house. "So it is up to you," I said, "to choose the fate you prefer: either to be flogged and put out to work in the mill, and never have any rest from such sufferings; or else to admit the whole truth and suffer no punishment, but instead to be forgiven for your crimes. No lies now: I want the full truth." At first she denied it and told me to do whatever I pleased, be­cause she knew nothing. But when I mentioned the name Eratosthe­nes to her and declared that this was the man who was visiting my wife, she was astonished, realizing that I knew everything. She imme­diately fell at my knees and made me promise she would suffer no harm. She admitted, first, how he had approached her after the funeral, and then how she had eventually acted as his messenger, and how my wife had in the end been won over, and the various ways he had entered the house, and how during the Thesmophoria, when I was in the country, my wife had attended the shrine with his mother. She gave me a full and accurate account of everything else that had happened. When she had finished, I said, "Make sure that no­body at all hears about this, otherwise nothing in our agreement will be binding. I want you to show me them in the act. I don't want words; I want their actions to be clearly proved, if it is really true." She agreed to do this.

Passage 5

One must honor guests
and foreigners and strangers, even those
much poorer than oneself. Zeus watches over
beggars and guests and strangers. What I have
to give is small, but I will give it gladly.
Life is like this for slaves: we live in fear,
when younger men have power over us.
My real lord is kept from home by gods.
He would have taken care of me, and given
what kindly owners give to loyal slaves:
a house with land, and wife whom many men
would want-as recompense for years of labor
which gods have blessed and made to prosper. Master
would have been good to me, if he had stayed
here till old age. He must be dead by now.
Damn Helen and her family! So many
have died for her sake. Master went to Troy,
to win back Agamemnon's honor, fighting
the Trojans.

Passage 6

After this, she had two lovers, Timanoridas the Corinthian and Eucrates from Leucas. Since Nicarete was extravagant in her demands—she felt entitled to get all her daily household expenses out of these men—they paid thirty minas to buy Neaera from her, in accordance with the city's laws, and make her, without qualification, their own slave. Then they kept her and used her for as long as they wanted. But when they were about to marry, they told Neaera that since she had been their own mistress, they didn't want to see her working in Corinth or under the thumb of a brothel-keeper. Instead, they would gladly get back less money than they had paid for her and also see her get something good out of it. Accordingly, they told her they would free her from slavery for one thousand drachmas less than the purchase price, five hundred for each man. They told her to find the other twenty minas and pay it to them. When Neaera heard what Eucrates and Timanoridas had to say, she called several of her ex-lovers to Corinth, in particular Phrynion of the deme Paeania, the son of Demon, and brother of Demochares. . . When Phrynion visited her, she told him what Eucrates and Timanoridas had said. She gave him the money she had collected from her other lovers as a contribution toward winning her freedom, together with whatever money she had put aside for herself; and she asked him to add in the rest needed to make up the twenty minas and pay it on her behalf to Eucrates and Timanoridas so she could be free. Phrynion heard this with pleasure. He took the money contributed by her other lovers, added the remainder himself, then gave the twenty minas to Eucrates and Timanoridas for her freedom, on the condition she not work in Corinth.

Passage 7

First, let us discuss master and slave, to see what is useful for the necessities of life, and to see if we can reach knowledge that improves on current views about them. For some suppose that rule over slaves is a science, and that household management, rule over slaves, political science, and kingly science, are all the same, as we said at the beginning. Others, however, suppose that ruling over slaves is against nature, since (they say) law makes one free and another a slave, whereas nature draws no distinction between them; that is why such rule (they say) is also unjust, since it rests on force.

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